Midnight Madness - 2025

Jack & Jill Follower Advanced Prelims - 30 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinEmilia JaskotJudith AsemMaria BileychikRachel ShookBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Nicole BrunerYYNYY
863
4-0-1 40 X
2 Sequoia NelsonYA1NYY
126
3-1-1 34.5 X
3 Sienna St. ClairYNYNY
315
3-0-2 30 X
3 Alexandria FreemanYNYYN
396
3-0-2 30 X
3 Brittani PowersYYNYN
963
3-0-2 30 X
6 Stacy WheelerA2YA2YN
902
2-2-1 28.6 X
7 Laura ClarkNA3YA3Y
159
2-2-1 28.4 X
8 Jackie Van OoteghemNNYYA1
374
2-1-2 24.5 X
9 Elise HollandYA2NA2A2
925
1-3-1 22.9 X
10 Kristen OttYNYNN
343
2-0-3 20 X
10 Janie DerocheNNNYY
809
2-0-3 20 X
10 Stephanie DierksNNNYY
878
2-0-3 20 X
13 Charity BrainNNYA1N
121
1-1-3 14.5 X ALT1
13 Alamea NapuunoaA1NYNN
248
1-1-3 14.5 X ALT2
Una KacavendaNYA3NN
939
1-1-3 14.2
Kristina CasazzaA3NYNN
940
1-1-3 14.2
Lan VoBaNYNNN
124
1-0-4 10
Jean BarnettNYNNN
313
1-0-4 10
Lynn TelzerYNNNN
865
1-0-4 10
Meghan MuiNYNNN
866
1-0-4 10
McKenna VroomNYNNN
893
1-0-4 10
Britta AlbertsonNNNNY
897
1-0-4 10
LaNasha HouzeNNNNY
993
1-0-4 10
Brianna GarciaNNA1NA3
916
0-2-3 8.7
Jasmine WilliamsNNNNN
110
0-0-5 0
Danya SvirNNNNN
841
0-0-5 0
Ella BellNNNNN
886
0-0-5 0
Brittani RiskNNNNN
946
0-0-5 0
Karen BarrettNNNNN
953
0-0-5 0
Laura BlackburnNNNNN
995
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower All Star Prelims - 24 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChantelle PianettaChristopher DumontEmily HuangLarisa TingleSusan KirklinBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Shayla BouiseYYYYY
116
5-0-0 50 X
1 Kristen WallaceYYYYY
318
5-0-0 50 X
1 Rachel ShookYYYYY
950
5-0-0 50 X
4 Noelle HoeppnerYYA2YY
308
4-1-0 44.3 X
4 Maria BileychikYYYA2Y
817
4-1-0 44.3 X
6 Olga KhvanA1YYA1Y
156
3-2-0 39 X
7 Katie MontgomeryYYYNA2
364
3-1-1 34.3 X
8 Christine MedinYA1A1NY
889
2-2-1 29 X
9 Shanna PorcariA3YNYN
363
2-1-2 24.2 X
10 Morgan HearrellYNNNY
118
2-0-3 20 X
11 Emily SchubertNNNYA1
749
1-1-3 14.5 X ALT1
12 Emilia JaskotNA2YNN
874
1-1-3 14.3 X ALT2
Felicia LiNA3YNN
380
1-1-3 14.2
Maria IvanovaNNNYA3
394
1-1-3 14.2
Felipa MendezNNNYN
320
1-0-4 10
Haley HauglumNNA3A3N
982
0-2-3 8.4
Shelby EvansA2NNNN
849
0-1-4 4.3
Kaley ThompsonNNNNN
381
0-0-5 0
Judith AsemNNNNN
397
0-0-5 0
Sierra BurfordNNNNN
826
0-0-5 0
Julie WinspearNNNNN
882
0-0-5 0
Sharell WeeamsNNNNN
923
0-0-5 0
Liz RavdinNNNNN
933
0-0-5 0
Caroline PaigeNNNNN
941
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Champions Prelims - 12 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorDavid Appel 2Kellese Key-dill 2Taletha Rivas 2Debbie Figueroa 2Christine Wetzel 2BIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Susan KirklinYYYYY
833
5-0-0 50 X
1 Emily HuangYYYYY
970
5-0-0 50 X
1 Chantelle PianettaYYYYY
990
5-0-0 50 X
4 Alexis GarrishYYYYA1
102
4-1-0 44.5 X
4 Larisa TingleYYA1YY
984
4-1-0 44.5 X
6 Mia PrimaveraYYYYA3
853
4-1-0 44.2 X
7 Mackenzie GoodmansonYA1YA3Y
398
3-2-0 38.7 X
8 Sonya DessureaultA2YYA2Y
859
3-2-0 38.6 X
9 Ariel PeckNA2A2NY
968
1-2-2 18.6 X
10 Anyssa OlivaresA3NA3YN
395
1-2-2 18.4 X ALT1
11 Laureen BaldoviA1NNA1A2
846
0-3-2 13.3 X ALT2
Nicole ZwerleinNA3NNN
929
0-1-4 4.2

Jack & Jill Follower Intermediate Prelims - 47 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinEmilia JaskotJudith AsemMaria BileychikRachel ShookBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Margaret TerrioYYYYY
216
5-0-0 50 X
1 Callie MashburnYYYYY
354
5-0-0 50 X
1 Willow Vander KooiYYYYY
895
5-0-0 50 X
1 Mackenzie SingerYYYYY
914
5-0-0 50 X
1 Tori OelsenYYYYY
944
5-0-0 50 X
6 Emily StraightYYA1YY
129
4-1-0 44.5 X
7 Isabella EspinosaYNYYY
239
4-0-1 40 X
7 Trenten JacksonYYNYY
355
4-0-1 40 X
7 Cindy BaiYYYYN
801
4-0-1 40 X
7 Ivy HotzYYYNY
922
4-0-1 40 X
7 Amanda VasquezYYNYY
943
4-0-1 40 X
7 Danielle BlohmYYNYY
945
4-0-1 40 X
13 Rachel MoranA1YYA2Y
158
3-2-0 38.8 X
14 Stella KautzmanYYYNA1
960
3-1-1 34.5 X
15 Savannah DavisYYA2NY
334
3-1-1 34.3 X
15 Jessica JakobeitNYYYA2
839
3-1-1 34.3 X
17 Elisabeth GarlingtonYNNYY
105
3-0-2 30 X
17 Daniela AlonsoYNNYY
113
3-0-2 30 X
17 Malin NybergNYNYY
142
3-0-2 30 X
17 Amber WarderNNYYY
184
3-0-2 30 X
17 Vanessa OKellyNYYYN
214
3-0-2 30 X
17 Rachel LaiYYYNN
249
3-0-2 30 X
17 Cindy MorenoYNYYN
330
3-0-2 30 X
17 Olivia HuhtaYYNYN
911
3-0-2 30 X
17 Jade St. DenisNYYNY
917
3-0-2 30 X
26 Margaux FiletNA3YYA3
738
2-2-1 28.4 X
27 Katelyn BradyNA1YNY
160
2-1-2 24.5 X
28 Stacey RizkNA2YYN
741
2-1-2 24.3 X
29 Jennifer HuYYA3NN
888
2-1-2 24.2 X
30 Janette LyNNYNY
753
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
30 Maddy KnoxYYNNN
814
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Wendy CarterYNYNN
322
2-0-3 20
Johanna OrellanaNNYNY
737
2-0-3 20
Larisa Crippen ChavezNNYNY
837
2-0-3 20
Megan LandauNNYYN
860
2-0-3 20
Vanessa VitielloNYNA1N
372
1-1-3 14.5
Christa KieslingNYNA3N
829
1-1-3 14.2
Kat DachniwskyA3NNYN
986
1-1-3 14.2
Diana BurkholderYNNNN
123
1-0-4 10
Shantel DellaRoseYNNNN
251
1-0-4 10
Evie SongNNNNY
344
1-0-4 10
Ryenn WillNNNNY
877
1-0-4 10
Amber MorganNNNYN
999
1-0-4 10
Glenda FletcherA2NNNN
815
0-1-4 4.3
Lori ByrdNNNNN
319
0-0-5 0
Sheila LancelottaNNNNN
438
0-0-5 0
Donna WilliamsNNNNN
842
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Intermediate Semis - 29 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinEmilia JaskotJudith AsemMaria BileychikRachel ShookBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Willow Vander KooiYYYYY
895
5-0-0 50 X
2 Mackenzie SingerYYYYA3
914
4-1-0 44.2 X
2 Tori OelsenA3YYYY
944
4-1-0 44.2 X
4 Ivy HotzYYYNY
922
4-0-1 40 X
5 Stella KautzmanYYA1A2Y
960
3-2-0 38.8 X
6 Cindy MorenoYYYA1N
330
3-1-1 34.5 X
7 Margaret TerrioYA2YYN
216
3-1-1 34.3 X
8 Isabella EspinosaYNYA3Y
239
3-1-1 34.2 X
9 Savannah DavisYYNNY
334
3-0-2 30 X
9 Callie MashburnNYNYY
354
3-0-2 30 X
9 Jessica JakobeitYYNYN
839
3-0-2 30 X
12 Emily StraightA1NNYY
129
2-1-2 24.5 X
13 Rachel MoranNNYYA2
158
2-1-2 24.3 X ALT1
13 Cindy BaiNYA2YN
801
2-1-2 24.3 X ALT2
Danielle BlohmYA1NNN
945
1-1-3 14.5
Daniela AlonsoNNNYN
113
1-0-4 10
Katelyn BradyNNNNY
160
1-0-4 10
Amber WarderNNYNN
184
1-0-4 10
Trenten JacksonNNNNY
355
1-0-4 10
Jade St. DenisNNYNN
917
1-0-4 10
Amanda VasquezNA3NNA1
943
0-2-3 8.7
Jennifer HuA2NA3NN
888
0-2-3 8.5
Elisabeth GarlingtonNNNNN
105
0-0-5 0
Malin NybergNNNNN
142
0-0-5 0
Vanessa OKellyNNNNN
214
0-0-5 0
Rachel LaiNNNNN
249
0-0-5 0
Margaux FiletNNNNN
738
0-0-5 0
Stacey RizkNNNNN
741
0-0-5 0
Olivia HuhtaNNNNN
911
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Masters Prelims - 19 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinEmilia JaskotJudith AsemMaria BileychikRachel ShookBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Jasmine WilliamsYYYYY
110
5-0-0 50 X
2 Debbie WagenerYYNYY
855
4-0-1 40 X
2 Diane WrightsonNYYYY
983
4-0-1 40 X
4 Glenda FletcherNA1YYA1
815
2-2-1 29 X
5 Leslie NuemannNYYNA2
135
2-1-2 24.3 X
6 Diana BurkholderA1NA1A3Y
123
1-3-1 23.2 X
7 Sheila LancelottaYNNA1N
438
1-1-3 14.5 X ALT1
8 Catherine LeónYNNNA3
104
1-1-3 14.2 X ALT2
Donna WilliamsA3A3A2NN
842
0-3-2 12.7
Kimberly KiddA2NA3NN
825
0-2-3 8.5
Susan HaynesNA2NNN
393
0-1-4 4.3
Sarah McDonaldNNNA2N
879
0-1-4 4.3
Jennifer SchanabergerNNNNN
141
0-0-5 0
Stephanie WalkerNNNNN
161
0-0-5 0
Jocelyn McDowellNNNNN
179
0-0-5 0
Lori ByrdNNNNN
319
0-0-5 0
Kindra StevensNNNNN
341
0-0-5 0
Lisa MaynesNNNNN
642
0-0-5 0
Kathy GrotheNNNNN
868
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Newcomer Prelims - 23 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinMia PastorNoelle HoeppnerRachel ShookShanna Porcari NysenBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Lindsey HoltonYYYYY
352
5-0-0 50 X
1 Halle KocianYYYYY
848
5-0-0 50 X
3 Jade FauquantYYA1YY
736
4-1-0 44.5 X
4 Misty BarryNYYYY
130
4-0-1 40 X
4 Leslie NuemannYYNYY
135
4-0-1 40 X
4 Ruby KnightYNYYY
867
4-0-1 40 X
7 Kailey KesslerA3YYA1Y
966
3-2-0 38.7 X
8 April StuartA1A1YA3Y
194
2-3-0 33.2 X
9 Julie WaggonerYYNYN
165
3-0-2 30 X
10 Teaira KelleyNYA2A2A1
146
1-3-1 23.1 X
11 Mina PhippsYNYNN
181
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
12 Rebekah KuhlmanA2A3YNN
811
1-2-2 18.5 X ALT2
Sabryna SaenzYNNNA2
370
1-1-3 14.3
Jordan McHenryNNNYA3
870
1-1-3 14.2
Gloria SungNA2NNN
175
0-1-4 4.3
Stephanie WalbranNNA3NN
192
0-1-4 4.2
Kelly EslingerNNNNN
111
0-0-5 0
Savanna JohnsonNNNNN
151
0-0-5 0
Arlene KadrichNNNNN
218
0-0-5 0
Tina WyattNNNNN
336
0-0-5 0
Lalita GadamNNNNN
856
0-0-5 0
Jina YoonNNNNN
919
0-0-5 0
George VoulgarakisNNNNN
957
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Novice Prelims - 85 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinMia PastorNoelle HoeppnerRachel ShookShanna Porcari NysenBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Celisse HecqYYYYY
119
5-0-0 50 X
1 Emily RogersYYYYY
224
5-0-0 50 X
1 Halie BurkeYYYYY
228
5-0-0 50 X
1 Abbie BrownYYYYY
345
5-0-0 50 X
1 Cassidy WiedmanYYYYY
349
5-0-0 50 X
1 Jenni RogersYYYYY
350
5-0-0 50 X
1 Baylee SchroederYYYYY
351
5-0-0 50 X
1 Madison VangilderYYYYY
821
5-0-0 50 X
1 Hanna Destiny LynnYYYYY
876
5-0-0 50 X
1 Natalie BellYYYYY
899
5-0-0 50 X
1 Sara AshunYYYYY
918
5-0-0 50 X
1 Jazlyn BurgessYYYYY
927
5-0-0 50 X
1 Trinity SciannellaYYYYY
956
5-0-0 50 X
14 Luke ApplinA1YYYY
907
4-1-0 44.5 X
14 Samantha HoffmannYYYYA1
954
4-1-0 44.5 X
16 Caity CoburnYA2YYY
196
4-1-0 44.3 X
16 Taylor E. JacksonYYA2YY
748
4-1-0 44.3 X
18 Kelsey GonzalesYYA3YY
844
4-1-0 44.2 X
19 Michael HasseyYYYYN
106
4-0-1 40 X
19 Vivian PfisterYYYYN
107
4-0-1 40 X
19 Eszter ErdeiYYNYY
108
4-0-1 40 X
19 Kylee HodackYYYYN
230
4-0-1 40 X
19 Kate SolhavenNYYYY
337
4-0-1 40 X
19 Mark DenkerYYYYN
342
4-0-1 40 X
19 Emily AndrewsYYYYN
399
4-0-1 40 X
19 Alison CoffeyNYYYY
822
4-0-1 40 X
19 Gracie ThorntonYNYYY
823
4-0-1 40 X
19 Sydni HearnYYYYN
836
4-0-1 40 X
19 Gianna LetoYNYYY
850
4-0-1 40 X
19 Debbie WagenerNYYYY
855
4-0-1 40 X
19 Katelyn BrownYNYYY
873
4-0-1 40 X
19 Camille RenfroeYYYNY
896
4-0-1 40 X
19 Lexy RelYNYYY
964
4-0-1 40 X
34 Jacquelyn ParkerNYA1YY
222
3-1-1 34.5 X
35 Carly WellsYNYA2Y
339
3-1-1 34.3 X
36 Isa PennyYYNA3Y
994
3-1-1 34.2 X
37 Makena LovelandYNYNY
122
3-0-2 30 X
37 Leslie NuemannYYNNY
135
3-0-2 30 X
37 Ryan ManteyYYNNY
143
3-0-2 30 X
37 Jennifer GorceNYYYN
155
3-0-2 30 X
37 Natalie AraujoYNNYY
167
3-0-2 30 X
37 Marie TamlianiYYNNY
177
3-0-2 30 X
37 Anthony RobinskiNNYYY
180
3-0-2 30 X
37 Z TurnrossNYNYY
182
3-0-2 30 X
37 Kira MartinYYNNY
335
3-0-2 30 X
37 Keaton RuddYNYYN
909
3-0-2 30 X
37 Robyn FinleyNYNYY
910
3-0-2 30 X
37 Corbin PetersheimYNYYN
920
3-0-2 30 X
37 Diane WrightsonYNYYN
983
3-0-2 30 X
50 Christina JonesNNYYA2
227
2-1-2 24.3 X
51 Carla ForstonNNYYA3
176
2-1-2 24.2 X
51 Amber TiceNA3YYN
807
2-1-2 24.2 X
53 Ellie YatesNNYNY
170
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
53 Meridith FultonNYNYN
936
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Catherine LeónYYNNN
104
2-0-3 20
Stephanie PriceYNNYN
161
2-0-3 20
Caroliiina YingNNYNY
223
2-0-3 20
Tara DixonYYNNN
317
2-0-3 20
Kindra StevensNNYNY
341
2-0-3 20
Lisa MaynesNYNNY
642
2-0-3 20
Kimberly KiddYYNNN
825
2-0-3 20
Shelly WhiteNYYNN
851
2-0-3 20
Katie BrayerYNNNY
871
2-0-3 20
James WilliamsYYNNN
996
2-0-3 20
Lorél MedinaA2A1NNY
333
1-2-2 18.8
Amanda BradyNNNNY
109
1-0-4 10
Miranda ZindorfNNYNN
120
1-0-4 10
Nicki NeyreyNYNNN
189
1-0-4 10
Ann ChenNNNNY
321
1-0-4 10
Dylan DangNNYNN
329
1-0-4 10
Paris DowningNYNNN
987
1-0-4 10
Lydia BodenNNNA1N
332
0-1-4 4.5
Jacki NormandA3NNNN
307
0-1-4 4.2
Jennifer SchanabergerNNNNN
141
0-0-5 0
Kirsten LydolphNNNNN
174
0-0-5 0
Marissa BaumNNNNN
178
0-0-5 0
Jocelyn McDowellNNNNN
179
0-0-5 0
Josselyn MackeyNNNNN
190
0-0-5 0
Joanne ZhangNNNNN
199
0-0-5 0
Brittany SanchezNNNNN
232
0-0-5 0
Unique BrysonNNNNN
361
0-0-5 0
Deanna NelsonNNNNN
385
0-0-5 0
Kathy GrotheNNNNN
868
0-0-5 0
Megan RackovNNNNN
934
0-0-5 0
Jen PfisterNNNNN
997
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Novice Semis - 52 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinMia PastorNoelle HoeppnerRachel ShookShanna Porcari NysenBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Natalie BellYYYYY
899
5-0-0 50 X
1 Trinity SciannellaYYYYY
956
5-0-0 50 X
3 Abbie BrownYYYNY
345
4-0-1 40 X
3 Alison CoffeyNYYYY
822
4-0-1 40 X
5 Celisse HecqNYYYA2
119
3-1-1 34.3 X
6 Eszter ErdeiYNNYY
108
3-0-2 30 X
6 Kate SolhavenYYYNN
337
3-0-2 30 X
6 Madison VangilderNNYYY
821
3-0-2 30 X
6 Sara AshunYYNNY
918
3-0-2 30 X
6 Jazlyn BurgessYNNYY
927
3-0-2 30 X
11 Emily RogersA2NYA1Y
224
2-2-1 28.8 X
12 Michael HasseyA3YNYA1
106
2-2-1 28.7 X
13 Sydni HearnYNA1YN
836
2-1-2 24.5 X
14 Emily AndrewsNYYA3N
399
2-1-2 24.2 X
15 Jenni RogersNYNNY
350
2-0-3 20 X
15 Taylor E. JacksonNYYNN
748
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
15 Mark DenkerYNNYN
342
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Leslie NuemannYYNNN
135
2-0-3 20
Halie BurkeYNNYN
228
2-0-3 20
Isa PennyYNYNN
994
2-0-3 20
Vivian PfisterA1A3NNY
107
1-2-2 18.7
Samantha HoffmannNA1NNY
954
1-1-3 14.5
Caity CoburnNNNNY
196
1-0-4 10
Kelsey GonzalesYNNNN
844
1-0-4 10
Camille RenfroeNNYNN
896
1-0-4 10
Luke ApplinNYNNN
907
1-0-4 10
Keaton RuddNNYNN
909
1-0-4 10
Corbin PetersheimNNNYN
920
1-0-4 10
Lexy RelNNNYN
964
1-0-4 10
Jennifer GorceNNA2NA3
155
0-2-3 8.5
Natalie AraujoNA2NNN
167
0-1-4 4.3
Kylee HodackNNNA2N
230
0-1-4 4.3
Jacquelyn ParkerNNA3NN
222
0-1-4 4.2
Makena LovelandNNNNN
122
0-0-5 0
Ryan ManteyNNNNN
143
0-0-5 0
Carla ForstonNNNNN
176
0-0-5 0
Marie TamlianiNNNNN
177
0-0-5 0
Anthony RobinskiNNNNN
180
0-0-5 0
Z TurnrossNNNNN
182
0-0-5 0
Christina JonesNNNNN
227
0-0-5 0
Kira MartinNNNNN
335
0-0-5 0
Carly WellsNNNNN
339
0-0-5 0
Cassidy WiedmanNNNNN
349
0-0-5 0
Baylee SchroederNNNNN
351
0-0-5 0
Amber TiceNNNNN
807
0-0-5 0
Gracie ThorntonNNNNN
823
0-0-5 0
Gianna LetoNNNNN
850
0-0-5 0
Debbie WagenerNNNNN
855
0-0-5 0
Katelyn BrownNNNNN
873
0-0-5 0
Hanna Destiny LynnNNNNN
876
0-0-5 0
Robyn FinleyNNNNN
910
0-0-5 0
Diane WrightsonNNNNN
983
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Follower Sophisticated Prelims - 24 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorChristine MedinMia PastorNoelle HoeppnerRachel ShookShanna Porcari NysenBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Lan VoBaYYYYY
124
5-0-0 50 X
1 Katie MontgomeryYYYYY
364
5-0-0 50 X
1 Emily SchubertYYYYY
749
5-0-0 50 X
1 Brianna GarciaYYYYY
916
5-0-0 50 X
1 Kristina CasazzaYYYYY
940
5-0-0 50 X
1 Haley HauglumYYYYY
982
5-0-0 50 X
7 Janie DerocheYYA3YA1
809
3-2-0 38.7 X
8 Laura BlackburnA1NYYY
995
3-1-1 34.5 X
9 Jenni RogersNNYNY
350
2-0-3 20 X
10 Malin NybergA2YA2NN
142
1-2-2 18.6 X
11 Karen BarrettYA3NA3N
953
1-2-2 18.4 X
12 Diana BurkholderA3A2NA1N
123
0-3-2 13 X ALT1
13 Leslie NuemannNA1NNA3
135
0-2-3 8.7 X ALT2
Jasmine WilliamsNNNA2A2
110
0-2-3 8.6
Joanne ZhangNNA1NN
199
0-1-4 4.5
Catherine LeónNNNNN
104
0-0-5 0
Jennifer SchanabergerNNNNN
141
0-0-5 0
Stephanie WalkerNNNNN
161
0-0-5 0
Ann ChenNNNNN
321
0-0-5 0
Susan HaynesNNNNN
393
0-0-5 0
Sheila LancelottaNNNNN
438
0-0-5 0
Donna WilliamsNNNNN
842
0-0-5 0
Kathy GrotheNNNNN
868
0-0-5 0
Diane WrightsonNNNNN
983
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Advanced Prelims - 30 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanGarrett ThompsonJT AndersonMichael KielbasaSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Michael HasseyYYYNY
106
4-0-1 40 X
1 Kristen WallaceNYYYY
318
4-0-1 40 X
1 William McGregorNYYYY
932
4-0-1 40 X
4 Benton HoskisonYNYYN
894
3-0-2 30 X
5 Gabe OforduNNYYA1
356
2-1-2 24.5 X
5 Jonathan MorganNYA1NY
369
2-1-2 24.5 X
7 Griffin RoyNNYYA2
314
2-1-2 24.3 X
7 Ken ThongpiouYYA2NN
992
2-1-2 24.3 X
9 Trevor JaskotNNYYN
389
2-0-3 20 X
9 Max KargboNNNYY
744
2-0-3 20 X
9 Emily SchubertYNNNY
749
2-0-3 20 X
9 Steven ZarateNYNNY
937
2-0-3 20 X
13 Keaton RuddA1YA3NN
909
1-2-2 18.7 X ALT1
14 Nolan WhitelyNYNA3A3
226
1-2-2 18.4 X ALT2
Jacen NorthcuttNNNA1Y
250
1-1-3 14.5
Jack FisherYA2NNN
215
1-1-3 14.3
David CarterNNNYN
134
1-0-4 10
Andrew SonYNNNN
820
1-0-4 10
David JamesYNNNN
908
1-0-4 10
Joseph MaldonadoYNNNN
942
1-0-4 10
EverestNNYNN
991
1-0-4 10
Jesse SanchezA2NNA2N
998
0-2-3 8.6
Keita SumikawaNA1NNN
838
0-1-4 4.5
Thomas DevereuxA3NNNN
324
0-1-4 4.2
Billy ShaverNA3NNN
981
0-1-4 4.2
Easton EnglandNNNNN
114
0-0-5 0
Sanmit NarvekarNNNNN
144
0-0-5 0
Jadin LewisNNNNN
382
0-0-5 0
Bruce ParkNNNNN
881
0-0-5 0
David ShonNNNNN
903
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader All Star Prelims - 20 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorConor McClureJesse LopezJoel TorgesonMackenzie GoodmansenPJ TurnerBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Branden StrongYYYYY
117
5-0-0 50 X
1 Trenten JacksonYYYYY
355
5-0-0 50 X
1 Sebastian QuinonesYYYYY
810
5-0-0 50 X
4 Joseph TongYA2YYY
127
4-1-0 44.3 X
5 Aris DemarcoYA3YYY
915
4-1-0 44.2 X
6 Trevon ChaneyA1YYYA2
904
3-2-0 38.8 X
7 Sheven KekoolaniYA1YA3Y
371
3-2-0 38.7 X
8 Paul NunezA2YYA1A1
832
2-3-0 33.3 X
9 Garrett ThompsonYYNYN
376
3-0-2 30 X
10 JT AndersonYNA1YN
360
2-1-2 24.5 X
11 Julio AlvarezNNA2NY
947
1-1-3 14.3 X ALT1
11 Chaz FrankenberryNYNA2N
252
1-1-3 14.3 X ALT2
Augie LeijaNNNNY
112
1-0-4 10
Matthew MuellerNYNNN
959
1-0-4 10
Michael CaroNNNNA3
220
0-1-4 4.2
Randell LiveloNNA3NN
905
0-1-4 4.2
Gregory FreemanA3NNNN
926
0-1-4 4.2
Jesse BrummettNNNNN
125
0-0-5 0
David MulfordNNNNN
221
0-0-5 0
Jeramy GovertNNNNN
858
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Champions Prelims - 15 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorDavid AppelDebbie FigueroaKellese Key-DillTaletha RivasChristine WetzelBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Christopher DumondYYYYY
240
5-0-0 50 X
2 Matt AuclairYYYA2Y
951
4-1-0 44.3 X
3 Glenn BallYYYYN
834
4-0-1 40 X
3 Joel TorgesonYYNYY
973
4-0-1 40 X
5 Conor McClureA1YYNY
323
3-1-1 34.5 X
5 Deon HarrellYYYA1N
884
3-1-1 34.5 X
5 Keerigan RuddYNYYA1
900
3-1-1 34.5 X
8 PJ TurnerA3A2A1YY
267
2-3-0 33 X
9 Michael KielbasaYYNYN
875
3-0-2 30 X
10 Jerome SubeyNA1YA3Y
818
2-2-1 28.7 X ALT1
11 Jesse LopezNA3NYA2
969
1-2-2 18.5 X ALT2
Jung ChoeNNA3NY
358
1-1-3 14.2
Demetre SouliotesA2NNNA3
241
0-2-3 8.5
Eric ByersNNA2NN
887
0-1-4 4.3
Bryan JordanNNNNN
808
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Intermediate Prelims - 43 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanGarrett ThompsonJT AndersonMichael KielbasaSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Ryan ManteyYYYYY
143
5-0-0 50 X
1 Olga KhvanYYYYY
156
5-0-0 50 X
1 Taylor JarrelsYYYYY
187
5-0-0 50 X
1 Noah FromeYYYYY
368
5-0-0 50 X
1 Luke ApplinYYYYY
907
5-0-0 50 X
1 Corbin PetersheimYYYYY
920
5-0-0 50 X
7 Vitalie MajulloYYYA1Y
225
4-1-0 44.5 X
8 Clay MorrisonYYA2YY
163
4-1-0 44.3 X
9 Noelle HoeppnerYA3YYY
308
4-1-0 44.2 X
10 Phoenix MacAiodhYYNYY
153
4-0-1 40 X
10 Robert BurttYYYYN
172
4-0-1 40 X
10 Ethan JassoYNYYY
367
4-0-1 40 X
10 Jacob ThorntonYYNYY
872
4-0-1 40 X
10 Philip PiersolNYYYY
921
4-0-1 40 X
15 Elise HollandYA1YNY
925
3-1-1 34.5 X
15 Devon HolcombeA1YYNY
961
3-1-1 34.5 X
17 Mark DenkerYNYYA2
342
3-1-1 34.3 X
18 Zach MorrisNYYA3Y
157
3-1-1 34.2 X
19 Anthony RobinskiNYYYN
180
3-0-2 30 X
19 James DeBackerYNYNY
219
3-0-2 30 X
19 Gabriel HotchkissNYYNY
852
3-0-2 30 X
19 Salomon AlcantarYNNYY
928
3-0-2 30 X
23 Denny PhamA2NYYN
331
2-1-2 24.3 X
23 Katie MontgomeryNA2NYY
364
2-1-2 24.3 X
23 Sam RothrockYYNA2N
391
2-1-2 24.3 X
26 Adrian MaldonadoNNYNY
173
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
26 Chase YandellNYNYN
128
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Joseph GeluzNYYNN
316
2-0-3 20
Mach JacksonYNYNN
750
2-0-3 20
Benjamin ArtzNYNNY
989
2-0-3 20
Harish KommineniA3YNNA3
137
1-2-2 18.4
Himanshu PaulYNA1NN
885
1-1-3 14.5
Matthew DotsonNNA3YN
357
1-1-3 14.2
Dylan DangNNNYN
329
1-0-4 10
Matt MurphyYNNNN
812
1-0-4 10
Miguel GonzalesNNNYN
845
1-0-4 10
Jeremy BrownYNNNN
962
1-0-4 10
James F WilliamsNYNNN
996
1-0-4 10
David SaylorsNNNNA1
840
0-1-4 4.5
Phil BeadnellNNNNN
133
0-0-5 0
Donald SchanabergerNNNNN
140
0-0-5 0
Zachary HarrisNNNNN
831
0-0-5 0
Rick BrunsonNNNNN
971
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Intermediate Semis - 25 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanGarrett ThompsonJT AndersonMichael KielbasaSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Noelle HoeppnerYYYYY
308
5-0-0 50 X
2 Noah FromeYYYA2Y
368
4-1-0 44.3 X
3 Ryan ManteyYNYYY
143
4-0-1 40 X
3 Olga KhvanYYYNY
156
4-0-1 40 X
3 Corbin PetersheimNYYYY
920
4-0-1 40 X
6 Luke ApplinA2YYA1Y
907
3-2-0 38.8 X
7 Vitalie MajulloYNA2YY
225
3-1-1 34.3 X
8 Robert BurttA3YYYN
172
3-1-1 34.2 X
8 Philip PiersolNYYYA3
921
3-1-1 34.2 X
10 James DeBackerA1NA3YY
219
2-2-1 28.7 X
11 Gabriel HotchkissYYNNA1
852
2-1-2 24.5 X
12 Taylor JarrelsNYYNA2
187
2-1-2 24.3 X
13 Katie MontgomeryNNNYY
364
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
13 Elise HollandNYNNY
925
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Phoenix MacAiodhYNNYN
153
2-0-3 20
Clay MorrisonYA1NA3N
163
1-2-2 18.7
Mark DenkerNNA1YN
342
1-1-3 14.5
Ethan JassoYA2NNN
367
1-1-3 14.3
Anthony RobinskiNA3YNN
180
1-1-3 14.2
Jacob ThorntonYNNNN
872
1-0-4 10
Zach MorrisNNNNN
157
0-0-5 0
Denny PhamNNNNN
331
0-0-5 0
Sam RothrockNNNNN
391
0-0-5 0
Salomon AlcantarNNNNN
928
0-0-5 0
Devon HolcombeNNNNN
961
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Masters Prelims - 12 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanGarrett ThompsonJT AndersonMichael KielbasaSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 David CarterYYYYY
134
5-0-0 50 X
2 Andrew SonYNYYY
820
4-0-1 40 X
3 Sam RothrockA3A1YYY
391
3-2-0 38.7 X
4 Pepper EllisonA2A3A2A1Y
819
1-4-0 27.3 X
5 Donald SchanabergerNYYNA3
140
2-1-2 24.2 X
5 James F WilliamsNYA3YN
996
2-1-2 24.2 X
7 Rick BrunsonA1YNA2A1
971
1-3-1 23.3 X ALT1
8 Bruce ParkYNA1A3A2
881
1-3-1 23 X ALT2
Lou DavisYA2NNN
898
1-1-3 14.3
Kelly EslingerNNNNN
111
0-0-5 0
Phil BeadnellNNNNN
133
0-0-5 0
Ann ChenNNNNN
321
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Newcomer Prelims - 20 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanConor McClureJudith AsemPaul NunezSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Andrew WongYYYYY
145
5-0-0 50 X
1 Gianna LetoYYYYY
850
5-0-0 50 X
1 Jayson NeffYYYYY
912
5-0-0 50 X
4 Joe CiminnaYYYNY
745
4-0-1 40 X
5 Greg BuchananYYA1A3Y
166
3-2-0 38.7 X
6 Ryan IfflanderA2YYYA2
247
3-2-0 38.6 X
7 Trevor MullensNA2YYY
843
3-1-1 34.3 X
8 Ansel RiccioA3YNYA1
198
2-2-1 28.7 X
9 Christopher GonzalezA1NYNY
346
2-1-2 24.5 X
10 Zerek JohnsonNNYA2Y
913
2-1-2 24.3 X
11 Nicholas ArnoldNA1A3YA3
387
1-3-1 22.9 X ALT1
12 Jeff TippeyYNNYN
340
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Zachary ThornburgNA3A2A1N
854
0-3-2 13
Luis Licea TorresYNNNN
171
1-0-4 10
Salim HYNNNN
188
1-0-4 10
Chris CalvertNYNNN
739
1-0-4 10
Carlos SanchezNNNNN
150
0-0-5 0
Ryan NordonNNNNN
164
0-0-5 0
Paul KeaheyNNNNN
200
0-0-5 0
Jared CadoreNNNNN
746
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Novice Prelims - 65 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanConor McClureJudith AsemPaul NunezSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Rachel MoranYYYYY
158
5-0-0 50 X
1 Allaine DelacruzYYYYY
193
5-0-0 50 X
1 Andrew KnopsYYYYY
359
5-0-0 50 X
1 Haustyn ForneyYYYYY
379
5-0-0 50 X
1 Stefan FosterYYYYY
743
5-0-0 50 X
1 Danny CherryYYYYY
802
5-0-0 50 X
1 Stephen HrncirYYYYY
857
5-0-0 50 X
1 Mason SmithYYYYY
892
5-0-0 50 X
1 Jeremiah StephYYYYY
901
5-0-0 50 X
1 Coby GieseYYYYY
958
5-0-0 50 X
11 Adam OrozcoYYYYA1
132
4-1-0 44.5 X
12 Joshua HillisA2YYYY
375
4-1-0 44.3 X
13 Isaiah JohnsonYYYNY
217
4-0-1 40 X
13 Austin CashionYYNYY
229
4-0-1 40 X
13 Warren KaoYYYNY
309
4-0-1 40 X
13 Jeff WrightNYYYY
347
4-0-1 40 X
13 Abel RebollosoNYYYY
348
4-0-1 40 X
13 Connor BeckYNYYY
383
4-0-1 40 X
13 Peter MancusoYYNYY
386
4-0-1 40 X
13 Bruce LeonardYYYYN
816
4-0-1 40 X
13 Tytus ThorntonYYYNY
824
4-0-1 40 X
13 Blake MartinYYYNY
864
4-0-1 40 X
13 Stephanie DierksYYYNY
878
4-0-1 40 X
13 Alberto De La CruzYNYYY
938
4-0-1 40 X
13 McKay NelsonYYYYN
967
4-0-1 40 X
13 Brandon HallNYYYY
974
4-0-1 40 X
27 Stacey RizkYYA3YA2
741
3-2-0 38.5 X
28 Lucas VargasNYYA3Y
183
3-1-1 34.2 X
29 Daniela AlonsoYYNNY
113
3-0-2 30 X
29 Olivia FletcherNYYNY
168
3-0-2 30 X
29 Thomas GarlandNYYNY
185
3-0-2 30 X
29 Vlad VermesanNYYYN
186
3-0-2 30 X
29 Francis FerroneYNNYY
191
3-0-2 30 X
29 C ChangNYYNY
328
3-0-2 30 X
29 Robert AxleyNYYNY
353
3-0-2 30 X
29 Jimmy BurnsNYYYN
830
3-0-2 30 X
29 Sarah McDonaldNYNYY
879
3-0-2 30 X
38 Jacob HaugenYNA1YN
378
2-1-2 24.5 X
39 Ivan DavidsonYNYA2N
154
2-1-2 24.3 X
40 Jack MarburgerYA3NYN
828
2-1-2 24.2 X
41 Caleb WatersYNNNY
365
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
41 Tung NguyenNNYNY
197
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Caleb MartinNNNYY
162
2-0-3 20
Emmanuel MatthewsYNNYN
195
2-0-3 20
John BurroughsNNYYN
327
2-0-3 20
Jaron LucasYNYNN
388
2-0-3 20
Dawit PalmerNNNYY
803
2-0-3 20
Damian WegerYNNYN
880
2-0-3 20
Brandon LiNNNYY
955
2-0-3 20
Paul SolhavenNNYA1N
338
1-1-3 14.5
Lou DavisYA1NNN
898
1-1-3 14.5
Levon SaiyanYA2NNN
152
1-1-3 14.3
Rodrigo BrandaoYNA2NN
965
1-1-3 14.3
Kyle DafoeNYNNA3
806
1-1-3 14.2
Alex BruceNYNNN
138
1-0-4 10
Glen MosesYNNNN
149
1-0-4 10
Garrett GlassNNNYN
906
1-0-4 10
Roberto CaberoNNNYN
952
1-0-4 10
Scott EglerA1NNNN
139
0-1-4 4.5
Jordan KeithA3NNNN
924
0-1-4 4.2
Vineet BallaNNNNN
373
0-0-5 0
Christopher TaNNNNN
742
0-0-5 0
Scott LambieNNNNN
847
0-0-5 0
Drew WellsNNNNN
891
0-0-5 0
George VoulgarakisNNNNN
957
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Novice Semis - 40 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanConor McClureJudith AsemPaul NunezSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Connor BeckYYYYY
383
5-0-0 50 X
2 Andrew KnopsA1YYYY
359
4-1-0 44.5 X
3 Austin CashionYYYA3Y
229
4-1-0 44.2 X
4 Thomas GarlandYYYYN
185
4-0-1 40 X
5 Stephanie DierksA3YNYY
878
3-1-1 34.2 X
6 Allaine DelacruzNYYNY
193
3-0-2 30 X
6 Isaiah JohnsonNYYNY
217
3-0-2 30 X
6 Stefan FosterYYNYN
743
3-0-2 30 X
6 Tytus ThorntonYNYNY
824
3-0-2 30 X
6 Jimmy BurnsYNYYN
830
3-0-2 30 X
11 Rachel MoranYNYA1A2
158
2-2-1 28.8 X
12 Daniela AlonsoA2YNYN
113
2-1-2 24.3 X
13 C ChangYA3YNN
328
2-1-2 24.2 X
14 Robert AxleyYYNNN
353
2-0-3 20 X
14 Haustyn ForneyNYNNY
379
2-0-3 20 X
14 Joshua HillisNNNYY
375
2-0-3 20 X ALT1
14 Peter MancusoNYYNN
386
2-0-3 20 X ALT2
Warren KaoNYNNY
309
2-0-3 20
Abel RebollosoNNNYY
348
2-0-3 20
Stacey RizkYNNYN
741
2-0-3 20
Danny CherryNA2A3YN
802
1-2-2 18.5
Stephen HrncirYNA1NN
857
1-1-3 14.5
Brandon HallNA1YNN
974
1-1-3 14.5
Jeremiah StephYNA2NN
901
1-1-3 14.3
Ivan DavidsonNNNNY
154
1-0-4 10
Lucas VargasNNNNY
183
1-0-4 10
Francis FerroneNNNYN
191
1-0-4 10
Jacob HaugenYNNNN
378
1-0-4 10
Sarah McDonaldNNNYN
879
1-0-4 10
Alberto De La CruzNNYNN
938
1-0-4 10
Blake MartinNNNNA1
864
0-1-4 4.5
Caleb WatersNNNA2N
365
0-1-4 4.3
Jeff WrightNNNNA3
347
0-1-4 4.2
Adam OrozcoNNNNN
132
0-0-5 0
Olivia FletcherNNNNN
168
0-0-5 0
Vlad VermesanNNNNN
186
0-0-5 0
Bruce LeonardNNNNN
816
0-0-5 0
Mason SmithNNNNN
892
0-0-5 0
Coby GieseNNNNN
958
0-0-5 0
McKay NelsonNNNNN
967
0-0-5 0

Jack & Jill Leader Sophisticated Prelims - 15 competed
When marks are tied, lowest sum used as tiebreaker, Y=10, ALT1=4.5, ALT2=4.3, ALT3=4.2, N=0
All ties broken by head judge.
Count CompetitorBryan Keith JordanConor McClureJudith AsemPaul NunezSebastian QuinonesBIB Counts (Y-A-N) Sum Promote Alt
1 Augie LeijaYYYYY
112
5-0-0 50 X
1 Tommy SchwegmannYYYYY
326
5-0-0 50 X
3 Benjamin ArtzA1YYYY
989
4-1-0 44.5 X
4 Anthony RobinskiYYYYA2
180
4-1-0 44.3 X
4 Michael CaroYYYA2Y
220
4-1-0 44.3 X
6 Phoenix MacAiodhYYA3A1Y
153
3-2-0 38.7 X
6 Andrew SonYA3A1YY
820
3-2-0 38.7 X
8 Jeramy GovertYYNA3Y
858
3-1-1 34.2 X
9 Robert AxleyNA1A2YY
353
2-2-1 28.8 X
10 Zachary MorrisA3YYNA1
157
2-2-1 28.7 X
11 Sam RothrockYA2YNA3
391
2-2-1 28.5 X
12 Bruce ParkA2NYYN
881
2-1-2 24.3 X ALT1
13 Phil BeadnellNNNYN
133
1-0-4 10 X ALT2
Kelly EslingerNNNNN
111
0-0-5 0
George VoulgarakisNNNNN
957
0-0-5 0

INSTANT SCORING provided by Paul Stoddard